Louis M. Hacker, American Capitalism, Its Promise and Accomplishment (1957, reprinted 1979), traces the rise of corporations in the United States in the 19th century. The divorce of ownership and management is analyzed in Adolph A. Berle and Gardiner C. Means, The Modern Corporation and Private Property, rev. ed. (1968); and the implications of this development are treated in John Kenneth Galbraith, The New Industrial State, 3rd ed. rev. (1978). Analysis of the competitive powers of the free market is continued in Nicholas Wolfson, The Modern Corporation: Free Markets Versus Regulation (1984). Wilbert E. Moore, The Conduct of the Corporation (1962, reprinted 1975), focuses on internal operations; while Richard J. Barber, The American Corporation: Its Power, Its Money, Its Politics (1970), concentrates on external aspects. Osborn Elliott, Men at the Top (1959), examines the backgrounds and behaviour of company executives. Joseph Livingston, The American Stockholder, new rev. ed. (1963), evaluates the individuals and institutions that own corporate shares. Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (1962, reprinted 1982), is a plea for noninterference by public agencies; while Estes Kefauver, In a Few Hands: Monopoly Power in America (1965), supports further regulation and antitrust action by government. Edward S. Mason (ed.), The Corporation in Modern Society (1960, reprinted 1980); and Andrew Hacker (ed.), The Corporation Take-Over (1964, reprinted 1970), contain theoretical analyses and research findings. Managerial styles of the modern corporation are examined in Bruce Henderson, The Logic of Business Strategy (1984); A.L. Minkes and C.S. Nuttall, Business Behavior and Management Structure (1985); Johannes M. Pennings (ed.), Organizational Strategy and Change (1985); and Edgar H. Schein, Organizational Culture and Leadership (1985).
European limited-liability companies
The growth of corporations in Europe is discussed in Michael M. Postan, An Economic History of Western Europe, 1945–1964 (1967). Ephraim Lipson, The Economic History of England, vol. 1, 12th ed., and vol. 2–3, 6th ed. (1960–64), provides a full exposition of joint-stock companies and chartered companies. See also P. Sargant Florence, Ownership, Control and Success of Large Companies: An Analysis of English Industrial Structure and Policy, 1936–1951 (1961); and John Sheahan, Promotion and Control of Industry in Postwar France (1963).
Japanese companies
For the historical development of the Japanese economy, see William W. Lockwood, The Economic Development of Japan, expanded ed. (1968, reprinted 1970); and Henry Rosovsky, Capital Formation in Japan, 1868–1940 (1961), which cover the period from the Meiji Restoration to World War II; and Ryutaro Komiya (ed.), Postwar Economic Growth in Japan (1966; originally published in Japanese, 1963), for the postwar period. For a statistical analysis of Japan's economic growth since the 1860s, Lawrence Klein and Kazushi Ohkawa (eds.), Economic Growth: The Japanese Experience Since the Meiji Era (1968), is useful. The characteristics of entrepreneurs in the early Meiji period, when modern capitalism rose in Japan, are given in Johannes Hirshmeier, The Origins of Entrepreneurship in Meiji Japan (1964). Kazuo Noda, “The Postwar Japanese Executive,” in Ryutaro Komiya (ed.), op. cit., explains the role of business executives in the post-World War II period. Some aspects of Japanese industrial labour are described in Ezra F. Vogel, Japan's New Middle Class, 2nd ed. (1971); and in a comparative study by Arthur M. Whitehill, Jr., and Shin-Ichi Takezawa, The Other Worker: A Comparative Study of Industrial Relations in the United States and Japan (1968). Regarding the Japanese industrial structure, Joe S. Bain, International Differences in Industrial Structure: Eight Nations in the 1950's (1966, reprinted 1980), is recommended, though rather outdated now. Japan's bureaucratic establishment is described in Marshall E. Dimock, The Japanese Technocracy (1968). For a view of Japan's management system, see Michael Y. Yoshino, Japan's Managerial System (1968, reprinted 1971); Thomas F.M. Adams and Noritake Kobayashi, The World of Japanese Business (1969); and Robert J. Ballon (ed.), Doing Business in Japan, 2nd ed. rev. (1968). In addition, James C. Abegglen, The Japanese Factory (1958, reprinted 1979); and Solomon B. Levine, Industrial Relations in Postwar Japan (1958), are considered semiclassics in the management field. See also James C. Abegglen, The Strategy of Japanese Business (1984).
Cooperatives
International Labour Office, Co-operative Management and Administration (1960, reprinted with rev. bibliog., 1978), is a comprehensive introduction and guide. Robert Oakeshott, The Case for Workers' Co-ops (1978), discusses the principles and reviews the experience; while Jaroslav Vanek (ed.), Self-Management: Economic Liberation of Man (1975), provides a collection of readings.
Multinational development
Growth of multinationals and the political implications of the phenomenon are reviewed in Christopher Tugendhat, The Multinationals (1971, reissued 1984); Ian M. Clarke, The Spatial Organization of Multinational Corporations (1985); and Thomas A. Poynter, Multinational Enterprises and Government Intervention (1984).
